Typology of Plagiarism
Verbatim Plagiarism: The direct copying of text, whether a sentence or a paragraph, without the use of quotation marks and an appropriate citation.
Substantial Paraphrasing
Rephrasing another author's ideas or text without significant alteration to the core structure and terminology, even if a citation is provided. Scholarly writing requires synthesis and original expression.
Self-Plagiarism (Text Recycling)
The reuse of significant portions of one's own previously published work without transparent acknowledgment. This misleads readers and publishers about the novelty of the work and can infringe upon copyright.
Data and Image Appropriation
Using figures, tables, datasets, or images from another source without explicit permission and clear attribution. For one's own previously published visual elements, permission must be sought from the copyright holder.
Redundant or Duplicate Publication
Publishing a paper that substantially overlaps with one already published elsewhere, without cross-referencing. This distorts the scientific record by presenting a single study as multiple, discrete contributions.