Research misconduct represents a fundamental breach of the trust placed in the scientific enterprise and will be met with stringent corrective actions.

Forms of Misconduct

Fabrication

The invention of data or results and their recording or reporting as factual.

Falsification

The manipulation of research materials, equipment, or processes, or the changing or omission of data or results, such that the research is not accurately represented.

Plagiarism

As defined in Plagiarism Policy.

Data Tampering and Misrepresentation

This includes the selective exclusion of outlying data points, the inappropriate digital manipulation of images, and the destruction of primary data records to conceal inconvenient results.

Investigation Procedures

Allegations of misconduct are treated with the utmost seriousness and procedural fairness.

1

Confidential Preliminary Assessment

The editorial team confidentially evaluates the allegation to determine its credibility and scope.

2

Evidence-Based Inquiry

The corresponding author is formally contacted and given a full opportunity to provide the original data, protocols, and a detailed response to the allegations.

3

Formal Investigation and Adjudication

If the initial response is unsatisfactory, a formal investigation is initiated. This may involve consulting with independent experts, the journal's editorial board, or the authors' institution.

4

Proportionate Sanctions

Confirmed misconduct leads to actions commensurate with the offense's severity, including rejection/retraction, publication of a notice of misconduct, and notification to relevant institutions and regulatory bodies.